The heritage of the ancient world -- The foundations of the Middle Ages -- The age of the barbarian invasions -- Justinian and Mohammed -- The advance of ecclesiastical leadership -- The making of Carolingian kingship -- Culture and society in the first Europe -- Ecclesia and mundus -- Byzantium, Islam, and the West -- Europe in 1050 -- The Gregorian world revolution -- The Anglo-Norman monarchy and the emergence of the bureaucratic state -- The first crusade and after -- The intellectual expansion of Europe -- Moslem and Jewish thought : the Aristotelian challenge -- Varieties of religious experience -- The entrenchment of secular leadership -- The peace of Innocent III -- The new consensus and its limitations -- The search for order -- Late medieval and Renaissance culture.